Here is NEET syllabus for Biology 2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
UNIT I: Diversity in Living World<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n -What is living? Biodiversity; Need for classification; Three domains of life; Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature; Tools for study of Taxonomy \u2013 Museums, Zoos, Herbaria, Botanical gardens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera -Salient features and classification of plants into major Groups-Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category); .<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples).<\/p>\n\n\n\n UNIT II: Structural Organization in Animals and Plants<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n -Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence- cymose and recemose, flower, fruit and seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus).Family (malvaceae, Cruciferae, leguminoceae, compositae, graminae)<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an frog (cockroach). (Brief account only)<\/p>\n\n\n\n UNIT III: Cell Structure and Function<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n -Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; Plant cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; Cell organelles-structure and function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, micro bodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultra-structure and function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action. Classification and nomenclature of enzymes<\/p>\n\n\n\n -B Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n UNIT IV: Plant Physiology<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n -Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Site of photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary idea); Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non cyclic and photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Respiration: Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations-Number of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and plant growth rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulators-auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; <\/p>\n\n\n\n UNIT V: Human Physiology<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n -Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; Composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system-Structure of human heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, Double circulation; Regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system-Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; Human excretory system-structure and fuction; Urine formation, Osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney.<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement- ciliary, fiagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle- contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions (To be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus); Joints; Disorders of muscular and skeletal system-Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans- central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; Generation and conduction of nerve impulse; <\/p>\n\n\n\n -Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system-Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea); Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison?s disease).<\/p>\n\n\n\n (Imp: Diseases and disorders mentioned above to be dealt in brief.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n UNIT I: Reproduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n -Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollinationtypes, agencies and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesisspermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies \u2013 IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).<\/p>\n\n\n\n UNIT II: Genetics and Evolution<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n -Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism-Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination-In humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance-Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans; Down?s syndrome, Turner?s and Klinefelter?s syndromes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation-Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing.Protein biosynthesis<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin?s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution-Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg?s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n UNIT III: Biology and Human Welfare<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n -Health and Disease; Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.Tobacca Abuse<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n UNIT IV: Biotechnology and Its Applications<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n -Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n UNIT V: Ecology and environment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n -Organisms and environment: Population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy; <\/p>\n\n\n\n -Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n UNIT I: Diversity in Living World<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tools for study of Taxonomy \u2013 Museums, Zoos, Herbaria, Botanical gardens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Angiosperms classification up to class, characteristic features and examples)<\/p>\n\n\n\n UNIT II: Structural Organization in Animals and Plants<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence- cymose and recemose, flower, fruit and seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus).<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach). (Brief account only)<\/p>\n\n\n\n UNIT IV: Plant Physiology<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients; Cell to cell Transport-Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; Plant \u2013 water relations \u2013 Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; Long distance transport of water \u2013Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation; Transpiration-Opening and closing of stomata; Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients-Transport of food, phloem transport, Mass flow hypothesis; Diffusion of gases (brief mention).<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role; Deficiency symptoms; Mineral toxicity; Elementary idea of Hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition; Nitrogen metabolism-Nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Seed dormancy; Vernalisation; Photoperiodism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n UNIT V: Human Physiology<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Digestion and absorption; Alimentary canal and digestive glands; Role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Caloric value of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Egestion; Nutritional and digestive disorders \u2013 PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Reflex action; Sense organs; Elementary structure and function of eye and ear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n UNIT I: Reproduction UNIT III: Biology and Human Welfare<\/p>\n\n\n\n -Improvement in food production; Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification; Apiculture and Animal husbandry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n UNIT V: Ecology and environment Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); Ecological succession; Ecological Services-Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect and global warning; Ozone depletion; Deforestation; Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n You can download the latest syllabus from NMC site<\/p>\n\n\n\n
-Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroid\u2019s.<\/p>\n\n\n\nCLASS XII SYALLBUS<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Deleted Syllabus in 202<\/strong>5<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
-Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; Modes of reproduction \u2013 Asexual and sexual; Asexual reproduction; Modes-Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations;<\/p>\n\n\n\n