{"id":9541,"date":"2025-02-09T18:52:26","date_gmt":"2025-02-09T13:22:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/physicscatalyst.com\/article\/?p=9541"},"modified":"2025-02-09T18:52:32","modified_gmt":"2025-02-09T13:22:32","slug":"transforming-principle-by-frederick-griffith","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/physicscatalyst.com\/article\/transforming-principle-by-frederick-griffith\/","title":{"rendered":"Transforming Principle By Frederick Griffith"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Many scientists contributed to prove that DNA is a genetic material. Fredrick Griffith was the first scientist in this race and he had given the transformation principle in bacteria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fredrick Griffith (1928) conducted a series of experiments with <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae, <\/em>the bacterium causing pneumonia. He observed two strain of this bacteria:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>One forming smooth colonies with a polysaccharide mucus coated capsule that is S-strain.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Other forming rough colonies without a capsule that is To strain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Experiment:<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mice infected with S- strain (virulent) die from pneumonia infection.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mice infected with the R- strain was alive.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Griffith was able to kill bacteria by heating them. When heat killed S-strain cells were injected into mice. The disease did not appear and the mice was alive.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>When mice was infected with a mixture of heat killed S- strain and live R-strain strain, the mice died.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>He could isolate the live R-strain cells from the body of dead mice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/physicscatalyst.com\/article\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/bacteria-transformation-principle.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"567\" height=\"629\" src=\"https:\/\/physicscatalyst.com\/article\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/bacteria-transformation-principle.png\" alt=\"Transforming Principle By Frederick Griffith\" class=\"wp-image-9543\" srcset=\"https:\/\/physicscatalyst.com\/article\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/bacteria-transformation-principle.png 567w, https:\/\/physicscatalyst.com\/article\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/bacteria-transformation-principle-270x300.png 270w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 567px) 100vw, 567px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>He concluded that R-strain bacteria somehow being transformed by heat killed S-strain bacteria and were able to synthesize a smooth polysaccharide coat and become virulent. This must be due to transfer of genetic material. This is called the <strong>Transformation principle.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Biochemical characterization of transforming principle<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty (1933-44) discovered that the heat killed S- strain bacteria caused the transformation of R- strain bacteria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Their findings were:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>DNA alone from S- strain bacteria caused R- strain bacteria to become transformed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They found that proteases (protein digesting enzyme) and RNAses (RNA digesting enzymes) did not affect transformation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Digestion with DNAses inhibits transformation, so they finally concluded that<strong> DNA is a hereditary material.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Question and Answers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Question <\/strong>1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What was Griffith\u2019s experiment and why was it important?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Griffith gave the bacterial transformation principle. He had worked on Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. He proved that due to transfer of genetic material the non- virulent bacteria transformed into virulent bacteria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Question 2 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What is the conclusion of the Griffith experiment?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Griffith concluded that the R-strain bacteria which is non- violent had been transformed by heat-killed S- strain bacteria so there is something in S- strain\u00a0 bacteria which transfer from S- strain to R-strain\u00a0 bacteria and make it virulent. This must be due to transfer of genetic material.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Many scientists contributed to prove that DNA is a genetic material. Fredrick Griffith was the first scientist in this race and he had given the transformation principle in bacteria. Fredrick Griffith (1928) conducted a series of experiments with Streptococcus pneumoniae, the bacterium causing pneumonia. He observed two strain of this bacteria: Experiment: He concluded that [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[518],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9541","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biology"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Transforming Principle By Frederick Griffith - physicscatalyst&#039;s Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/physicscatalyst.com\/article\/transforming-principle-by-frederick-griffith\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Transforming Principle By Frederick Griffith - physicscatalyst&#039;s Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Many scientists contributed to prove that DNA is a genetic material. 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Fredrick Griffith was the first scientist in this race and he had given the transformation principle in bacteria. Fredrick Griffith (1928) conducted a series of experiments with Streptococcus pneumoniae, the bacterium causing pneumonia. 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