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Integration of periodic functions

The integration of a periodic function involves some unique properties and approaches due to the function’s repeating nature. A function $f(x)$ is said to be periodic with period $T$ if for all $x$ in the domain of $f$, $f(x + T) = f(x)$. This periodicity can significantly simplify the integration process over intervals that are


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Differentiation of cos(x)

The differentiation of (\cos(x)) with respect to (x) is a fundamental concept in calculus. The derivative of (\cos(x)) is given by: \[\frac{d}{dx}(\cos(x)) = -\sin(x).\] This result is derived from the limit definition of the derivative and is a key part of the differentiation rules for trigonometric functions. The negative sine function, $-\sin(x)$, represents the rate


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