(1) Introduction

• We have allready studied about thermal effects of current and now in the present chapter we are studied about magnetic effect of current.
  
• Earlier it was believe that there is no connection between electric and magnetic force and both of them are completely different.
  
• But in 1820 Oersted showed that the electric current through a wire deflect the magnetic needle placed near the wire and the direction of deflection of needle is reversed if we reverse the direction of current in the wire.
  
• So, Oersted's experiments establishes that a magnetic field is assoiated with current carrying wire.
  
• Again if we a magnetic needlle near a bar magnet it gets deflectid and rests in some other direction.
  
• This needle experiences the tourque which turn the needle to a definite direction.
  
• Thus, the reagion near the bar magnet or current carrying where magnetic needle experience and suffer deflection is called magnetic field.
  

• We all ready know that a stationery charges gets up a electric field E in the space surrounding it and this electric field exerts a force F=q₀E on the test charge q₀ placed in magnetic field.
  
• Similarly we can describe the intraction of moving charges that, a moving charge excert a magnetic field in the space surrounding it and this magnetic field exert a force on the moving charge.
  
• Like electric field, magntic field is also a vector quantity and is represented by symbol B
  
• Like electric field force which depend on the magnitude of charge and electric field, magnetic force is propotional to the magnitude of charge and the strength of magnetic field.
  
• Apart from its dependence on magnitude of charge and magnetic field strength magnetic force also depends on velocity of the particle.
  
• The magnitude magnetic force increase with increase in speed of charged particle.
  
• Direction of magnetic force depends on direction of magnetc field B and velocity v of the chared particle.
  
• The direction of magnetic force is not alonge the direction of magnetic field but direction of force is always perpendicular to direction of both magnetic field B and velocity v
  
• Test charge of magnitude q₀ is moving with velocity v through a point P in magnetic field B experience a deflecting force F defined by a equation
  F=qv X B
  
• As mentioned earlier this force on charged particle is perpendicular to the plane formed by v and B and its direction is determined right hand thumb rule.
  
  
  
  
  
• When moving charge is positive the direction of force F is the direction of advance of hand screw whose axis is perpendicular to the plane formed by v and B.
  
  
  
  
  
• Direction of force would be opposit to the direction of advance screw for negative charge moving in same direction.
  
• Magnitude of force on charged particle is
  F=q₀vBsinθ
  where θ is the angle between v and B.
  
• If v and B are at right angle to each other i.e. θ=90 then force acting on the particle would be maximum and is given by
  F_max=q₀vB                   ----(3)
  
• When θ=180 or θ=0 i.e. v is parallel or antiparallel to B then froce acting on the particle would be zero.
  
• Again from equation 2 if the velocity of the palticle in the magnetic field is zero i.e., particle is stationery in magnetic field then it does not experience any force.
  
• SI unit of strength of magnetic field is tesla (T). It can be defined as follows
  B=F/qvsinθ
  for F=1N,q=1C and v=1m/s and θ=90
  1T=1NA^-1m^-1
  Thus if a charge of 1C when moving with velocity of 1m/s along the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field experiences a force of 1N then magnitude of field at that point is equal to 1 tesla (1T).
  
• Another SI unit of magnetic field is weber/m² Thus
  1 Wb-m^-2=1T=1NA^-1m^-1
  In CGS system, the magnetic field is expressed in 'gauss'. And 1T= 10⁴ gauss. Dimention formula of magnetic field (B) is [MT^-2A^-1]