Table of Content
Mensuration
- It is branch of mathematics which is concerned about the measurement of length ,area and Volume of plane and Solid figure
Perimeter
- The perimeter of plane figure is defined as the length of the boundary
- It units is same as that of length i.e. m ,cm,km
Note:
You have read from Left to right to get the conversion formula
1 m= 10 dm = 100 cm
1 dm= 10 cm = 100 mm
1 km= 10 hm = 100 decameters
1 decameter= 10 m = 1000 cm
Area
- The area of the plane figure is the surface enclosed by its boundary
- It unit is square of length unit. i.e. m2 , km2
Note:
You have read from Left to right to get the conversion formula
$1 m^2 = 100 dm^2 = 10^4 cm^2$
$ 1 dm^2 = 100 cm^2 = 10^4 mm^2$
$1 \ hectare = 100 \ square \ Decameter = 10^2 m^2$
$ 1 \ square \ myraimeter=100 km^2 = 10^8 m^2$
Perimeter and Area of Different Figure
N
|
Shape
|
Perimeter/height
|
Area
|
1
|
Right angle triangle
Base =b, Height =h
Hypotenuse=d
|
$P=b+h+d$
Height =h
|
$A=\frac {1}{2}BH$
|
2
|
Isosceles right angled triangle
Equal side =a
|
$P= a(2+ \sqrt 2)$
|
$A=\frac {1}{2} a^2$
|
3
|
Isosceles triangle
Equal side =a and base as b
|
$P= 2a +b $
|
$A=\frac {1}{2} a \sqrt {a^2 - \frac {b^2}{4}}$
|
4
|
Any Triangle
Any triangle of sides a,b ,c
|
$P=a+b+c$
|
$A=\sqrt {s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}$
$s=\frac {a+b+c}{2}$
This is called Heron's formula (sometimes called Hero's formula) is named after Hero of Alexandria
|
5
|
Square
Side =a
|
P=4a
|
$A=a^2$
|
6
|
Rectangle of Length and breath L and B respectively
|
$P=2L +2B$
|
$A=L \times B$
|
7
|
Parallelograms
Two sides are given as a and b
|
$P=2a+2b$
|
$A= Base \times height$
When the diagonal is also given ,say d
Then
$A= \sqrt {s(s-a)(s-b)(s-d)}$
$s=\frac {a+b+d}{2}$
|
8
|
Rhombus
Diagonal d1 and d2 are given
|
$p=2 \sqrt {d_1^2+d_2^2}$
Each side=$ \frac {1}{2} \sqrt {d_1^2+d_2^2} $
|
$A=\frac {1}{2} d_1 d_2$
|
9
|
Quadrilateral
a. All the sides are given a,b,c ,d
b. Both the diagonal are perpendicular to each other
c. When a diagonal and perpendicular to diagonal are given
|
a. $P=a+b+c+d$
|
a.
$A=\sqrt {s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)(s-d)}$
$s=\frac {(a+b+c+d)}{2}$
b. $A=\frac {1}{2} d_1 d_2$
where d1 and d2 are the diagonal
c. $A=\frac {1}{2} d(h_1+h_2)$
where d is diagonal and h1 and h2 are perpendicular to that
|
How to solve the Area and Perimeter problems
1. We must remember the formula for all the common figures as given above the table
2. Find out what all is given in the problem
3. Convert all the given quantities in the same unit
4. Sometimes Perimeter is given and some side is unknown,So you can calculate the sides using the Perimeter
5. If it is a complex figure ,break down into common know figures like square,rectangle,triangle
6. Sometimes we can find another side using Pythagoras theorem in the complex figure
7. If common figure, apply the formula given above and calculate the area.
8. If complex figure, calculate the area for each common figure in it and sum all the area at the end to calculate the total area of the figure
Solved Examples
Question 1.
A right angle triangle has base 20 cm and height as 10 cm, What is the area of the triangle?
Solution
Given values B=20 cm
H=10 cm
Both are in same units
$A=\frac {1}{2}BH=100 \ cm^2$
Question 2.
Sides of triangles are in the ratio 12:17:25. The perimeter of the triangle is 540 cm. Find out the area of the triangle?
Solution
Let the common ration between the sides be y,then sides are 12y,17y,25 y
Now we know the perimeter of the triangle is given by
P=a+b+c
540=12y+17y+25y
or y=10 cm
Now Area of triangle is given as
$A=\sqrt {s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}$
Where s=(a+b+c)/2
Here s=270 cm
a=120 cm
b=170cm
c=250cm
Substituting all these values in the area equation,we get
A=9000 cm
2
Question 3.
A equilateral triangle is having side 2 cm. What is the area of the triangle?
Solution
We know that Are of equilateral triangle is given by
$A= \frac {a^2 \sqrt 3}{4}$
Substituting the values given above
$A=\sqrt 3 \ cm^2$
We can summarize various method to calculate the Area of the Triangle
If you know the altitude and Base
|
$A =\frac {1}{2}BH$ |
| If you all the three sides |
$A=\sqrt {s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}$
$s=\frac {a+b+c}{2}$
|
| If it is isosceles right angle triangle with equal side a |
$A=\frac {1}{2}a^2$ |
| If it is isosceles triangle with equal side a and other side as |
$A=\frac {1}{2} a \sqrt {a^2 - \frac {b^2}{4}}$ |
| If it is equilateral triangle with equal side a |
$A=\frac {a^2 \sqrt 3}{4}$ |
| If it is right angle triangle with Base B and Height H |
$A =\frac {1}{2}BH$ |
| |
|
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