NCERT (intext and Exercise ) Solution Class 9 Chapter 11 Work and Energy

NCERT intext solutions

Page 148
Question 1
A force of 7 N acts on an object. The displacement is, say 8 m, in the direction of the force (See below figure). Let us take it that the force acts on the object through the displacement. What is the work done in this case?

Answer
Work done by the force is given by
Work done = Force × Displacement
W = F × S
Now given in the questions
F = 7 N
S = 8 m
Therefore, work done, W = 7 × 8
= 56 Nm
= 56 J

Page 149
Question 2
When do we say that work is done?
Answer
Work is done whenever the given conditions are satisfied:
(i) A force acts on the body.
(ii) There is a displacement of the body caused by the applied force along the direction of the applied force.

Question 3
Write an expression for the work done when a force is acting on an object in the direction of its displacement.
Answer
Work done = Force × Displacement
W = F x s

Question 4
Define 1 J of work.
Answer
1 J is the amount of work done by a force of 1 N on an object that displaces it through a distance of 1 m in the direction of the applied force.

Question 5
A pair of bullocks exerts a force of 140 N on a plough. The field being ploughed is 15 m long. How much work is done in ploughing the length of the field?
Answer
Work done by the bullocks is given by the expression:
Work done = Force x Displacement
W= F x d
Now given in the question
Applied force, F = 140 N
Displacement, d = 15 m
W= 140 x 15 = 2100 J

Page 152 Question 6
What is the kinetic energy of an object?
Answer
The energy possessed by a body by the virtue of its motion is called kinetic energy. Every moving object possesses kinetic energy. A body uses kinetic energy to do work. Kinetic energy of hammer is used in driving a nail into a log of wood, kinetic energy of air is used to run wind mills, etc.

Question 7
Write an expression for the kinetic energy of an object.
Answer
If a body of mass m moving with a velocity v, then its kinetic energy K.E is given by the expression,
K. E= 1/2 mv²
Its SI unit is Joule (J).

Question 8
The kinetic energy of an object of mass, m moving with a velocity of 5 m /s is 25 J. What will be its kinetic energy when its velocity is doubled? What will be its kinetic energy when its velocity is increased three times?
Answer
Given in the question
K.E. of the object= 25 J
Velocity of the object, v= 5 m/s
Now we know that KE is given by
K.E.= 1/2 mv²
m= 2 x K.E/v²
Substituting the values of KE and v we get
m= 2 x 25 / 25 = 2 kg
Now If velocity is double, v= 2 x 5= 10 m/s
K.E. (for v= 10 m/s) = 1/2 mv² = 1/2 x 2 x 100= 100 J

If velocity is tripled, v= 3 x 5= 15 m/s
K.E. (for v= 10 m/s) = 1/2 mv² 1/2 x 2 x 225= 225 J
Alternative method to solve this question
KE = 1/2 mv² =25 J
When the velocity is doubles
KE(double) = ½ m(2v)² = 4 (1/2 m v²) = 100J
When the velocity is tripled
KE(Tripled) = ½ m(3v)² = 9 (1/2 m v²) = 225J

Page 156 Question 9
What is power?
Answer
Power is the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy. If W is the amount of work done in time t, then power is given by the expression,
Power= Work / Time
= Energy / Time
P= W/T
It is expressed in watt (W).

Question 10
Define 1 watt of power.
Answer
A body is said to have power of 1 watt if it does work at the rate of 1 joule in 1 s, i.e.,1 W= 1J / 1s

Question 11
A lamp consumes 1000 J of electrical energy in 10 s. What is its power?
Answer
Power is given by
Power= Work Done / Time
Now Work done= Energy consumed by the lamp = 1000 J
Time = 10 s
Power= 1000 / 10 = 100 Js^-1=100 W

Question 12
Define average power.
Answer
The average Power of an agent may be defined as the total work done by it in the total time taken.
Average Power= Total Work Done / Total time taken

NCERT Exercise solutions

Question 13

Look at the activities listed below. Reason out whether or not work is done in the light of your understanding of the term 'work'.
• Suma is swimming in a pond.
• A donkey is carrying a load on its back.
• A wind mill is lifting water from a well.
• A green plant is carrying out photosynthesis.
• An engine is pulling a train.
• Food grains are getting dried in the sun.
• A sailboat is moving due to wind energy.
Answer
We know that
Work is done whenever the given two conditions are satisfied:
(i) A force acts on the body.
(ii) There is a displacement of the body by the application of force in or opposite to the direction of force.
Now let’s take a look at each case with respect to these two conditions


Question 14
An object thrown at a certain angle to the ground moves in a curved path and falls back to the ground. The initial and the final points of the path of the object lie on the same horizontal line. What is the work done by the force of gravity on the object?
Answer
Work done by the force of gravity on an object depends only net vertical displacement. Net Vertical displacement is given by the difference in the initial and final positions/heights of the object. Now since the object come to the initial position, Net vertical displacement is zero
Work done by gravity is given by the expression,
W= Force x displacement
= mgh
Now
h= Vertical displacement = 0
W = mg x 0 = 0 J

Question 15
A battery lights a bulb. Describe the energy changes involved in the process.
Answer
When a bulb is connected to a battery, then the chemical energy of the battery is transferred into electrical energy. When the bulb receives this electrical energy, then it converts it into light and heat energy. Hence, the transformation of energy in the given situation can be shown as:
Chemical Energy → Electrical Energy → Light Energy + Heat Energy

Question 16
Certain force acting on a 20 kg mass changes its velocity from 5 m s⁻¹ to 2 m s⁻¹. Calculate the work done by the force.
Answer
We know that
Kinetic energy is given by the expression(E)= 1/2 mv²
Now initial KE is given by
E_i =1/2 x 20 x (5)² = 250 J
Now final KE is given by
E_f= 1/2 x 20 x (2)² = 40 J.
Work done by the force is given by the difference of KE
= E_f  - E_i
= 40 -250 = -210 J
The negative sign indicates the force acts in opposite direction of motion

Question 17
A mass of 10 kg is at a point A on a table. It is moved to a point B. If the line joining A and B is horizontal, what is the work done on the object by the gravitational force? Explain your answer.
Answer
Work done by gravity depends only on the net vertical displacement of the body. It does not depend upon the path of the body. Therefore, work done by gravity is given by the expression,
W= mgh
Where,
Vertical displacement, h = 0
W= mg x 0 = 0
Hence, the work done by gravity on the body is zero.

Question 18
The potential energy of a freely falling object decreases progressively. Does this violate the law of conservation of energy? Why?
Answer
The process does not violate the law of conservation of energy. This is because when the body falls from a height, then its potential energy changes into kinetic energy progressively. A decrease in the potential energy is equal to an increase in the kinetic energy of the body. During the process, total mechanical energy of the body remains conserved.
Total Mechanical energy = KE + PE
Therefore, the law of conservation of energy is not violated.

Question 19
What are the various energy transformations that occur when you are riding a bicycle?
Answer
While riding a bicycle, the muscular energy of the rider gets transferred into heat energy and kinetic energy of the bicycle. Heat energy heats the rider's body. Kinetic energy provides a velocity to the bicycle. The transformation can be shown as:
Muscular Energy → Kinetic Energy + Heat Energy
During the transformation, the total energy remains conserved.

Question 20
Does the transfer of energy take place when you push a huge rock with all your might and fail to move it? Where is the energy you spend going?
Answer
When we push a huge rock, there is no transfer of muscular energy to the stationary rock as the rock does not move. Also, there is no loss of energy because muscular energy is transferred into heat energy, which causes our body to become hot.

Question 21
A certain household has consumed 250 units of energy during a month. How much energy is this in joules?
Answer
1 unit of energy is equal to 1 kilowatt hour (kWh).
1 unit = 1 kWh
1 kWh = 3.6 x 10⁶ J
Therefore, 250 units of energy = 250 x 3.6 × 10⁶ = 9 x 10⁸ J.

Question 22
An object of mass 40 kg is raised to a height of 5 m above the ground. What is its potential energy? If the object is allowed to fall, find its kinetic energy when it is half-way down.
Answer
Gravitational potential energy is given by the expression,
PE = mgh
Where,
h = Vertical displacement = 5 m
m = Mass of the object = 40 kg
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m s⁻²
PE = 40 x 5 x 9.8 = 1960 J.
At half-way down, the potential energy of the object will be =mg(h/2)= 1960 / 2 = 980 J.
Now as the total Mechanical energy remains conserved
Total Mechanical energy = KE + PE
At this point, the object has an equal amount of potential and kinetic energy. So half-way down, the kinetic energy of the object will be 980 J.

Question 23
What is the work done by the force of gravity on a satellite moving round the earth? Justify your answer.
Answer
We know that if the direction of force is perpendicular to displacement, then the work done is zero.
When a satellite moves around the Earth, then the direction of force of gravity on the satellite is perpendicular to its displacement. Hence, the work done on the satellite by the Earth is zero.

Question 24
Can there be displacement of an object in the absence of any force acting on it? Think. Discuss this question with your friends and teacher.
Answer
Yes. For a uniformly moving object, displacement is present
Suppose an object is moving with constant velocity. The net force acting on it is zero. But, there is a displacement along the motion of the object. Hence, there can be a displacement without a force.

Question 24
A person holds a bundle of hay over his head for 30 minutes and gets tired. Has he done some work or not? Justify your answer.
Answer
When a person holds a bundle of hay over his head, then there is no displacement in the bundle of hay. So work  done is zero

Question 25
An electric heater is rated 1500 W. How much energy does it use in 10 hours?
Answer
Energy consumed by an electric heater can be obtained with the help of the expression,
Power= Work done / Time
Or
Work done = Power x Time
Now
Power rating of the heater, P= 1500 W = 1.5 kW
Time for which the heater has operated, T= 10 h
Work done = Energy consumed by the heater
So energy consumed = Power x Time
= 1.5 x 10 = 15 kWh

Question 26
Illustrate the law of conservation of energy by discussing the energy changes which occur when we draw a pendulum bob to one side and allow it to oscillate. Why does the bob eventually come to rest? What happens to its energy eventually? Is it a violation of the law of conservation of energy?
Answer
The law of conservation of energy states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed. It can only be converted from one form to another.
In case of an oscillating pendulum. When a pendulum moves from its mean position to either of its extreme positions, it rises through a certain height above the mean level. At this point, the kinetic energy of the bob changes completely into potential energy. The kinetic energy becomes zero, and the bob possesses only potential energy. As it moves towards point mean position its potential energy decreases progressively. Accordingly, the kinetic energy increases. As the bob reaches point Mean position its potential energy becomes zero and the bob possesses only kinetic energy. This process is repeated as long as the pendulum oscillates.
So
Total energy at Extreme Position = PE
Total energy at Mean position = KE
In between Total energy = KE + PE
You may then why the bob does not oscillate forever. It comes to rest because air resistance resists its motion. The pendulum loses its kinetic energy to overcome this friction and stops after some time.
Again The law of conservation of energy is not violated because the energy lost by the pendulum to overcome friction is gained by its surroundings. Hence, the total energy of the pendulum and the surrounding system remain conserved.


Question 27
An object of mass, m is moving with a constant velocity, v. How much work should be done on the object in order to bring the object to rest?
Answer
Kinetic energy of an object of mass, moving with a velocity, v is given by the expression,
KE= 1/2 mv²
To bring the object to rest, 1/2 mv² amount of work is required to be done on the object.

Question 28
Calculate the work required to be done to stop a car of 1500 kg moving at a velocity of 60 km/h?
Answer
Kinetic energy(KE)= 1/2 mv²
Now
Mass of car, m= 1500 kg
Velocity of car, v= 60 km/h= 60 x 5 / 18 ms^-1
Substituting these values in KE expression, we get
So KE = 20.8 x 10⁴ J
We know that we need to do work equivalent to KE to stop the car
Hence, 20.8 x 10⁴ J of work is required to stop the car.

Question 29
In each of the following a force, F is acting on an object of mass, m. The direction of displacement is from west to east shown by the longer arrow. Observe the diagrams carefully and state whether the work done by the force is negative, positive or zero.

Answer

Case 1	Case 2	Case 3
The direction of force acting on the block is perpendicular to the displacement. Therefore, work done by force on the block will be zero.	The direction of force acting on the block is in the direction of displacement. Therefore, work done by force on the block will be positive.	The direction of force acting on the block is opposite to the direction of displacement. Therefore, work done by force on the block will be negative.

Question 30
Soni says that the acceleration in an object could be zero even when several forces are acting on it. Do you agree with her? Why?
Answer
Acceleration in an object could be zero even when several forces are acting on it. This happens when all the forces cancel out each other i.e., the net force acting on the object is zero. For a uniformly moving object, the net force acting on the object is zero. Hence, the acceleration of the object is zero. Hence, Soni is right.

Question 31
Find the energy in kW h consumed in 10 hours by four devices of power 500 W each.
Answer
Energy consumed by an electric device can be obtained with the help of the expression for power,
P= W / T
Where,
Power rating of the device, P= 500 W = 0.50 kW
Time for which the device runs, T= 10 h
Work done = Energy consumed by the device
Therefore, energy consumed = Power x Time
= 0.50 x 10 = 5 kWh
Hence, the energy consumed by four equal rating devices in 10 h will be 4 x 5 kWh = 20 kWh = 20 Units.

Question 32
A freely falling object eventually stops on reaching the ground. What happens to its kinetic energy?
Answer
When an object falls freely towards the ground, its potential energy decreases and kinetic energy increases. As the object touches the ground, all its potential energy gets converted into kinetic energy. As the object hits the hard ground, all its kinetic energy gets converted into heat energy and sound energy. It can also deform the ground depending upon the nature of the ground and the amount of kinetic energy possessed by the object.

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